To find out when a material starts to wear, abrasion testing involves rubbing a material at a particular weight and speed. This is required in the textile sector to ensure your materials can withstand everything life throws. Furniture manufacturers want to test seating products and beds for abrasion resistance. Clothing manufacturers will want to try high-point areas of clothes. Such as knees and elbows, to evaluate lifespan.
How does hardness testing work?
Hardness testing is a technique to determine a material’s hardness or ability to resist continuous deformation in the face of applied force. This property is essential in industries where material durability is critical. Such as manufacturing, aerospace, automobiles, and metallurgy.
- Brinell hardness testing machine
- Rockwell hardness testing machine
- Digital Rockwell hardness test machine
- Universal hardness tester
- Vickers hardness test machine
Brinell Hardness Testing Machine
The Brinell hardness tester uses a steel ball indenter to gauge a material’s hardness. The steel ball indenter leaves an impression on the material when a load is applied. Next, the indentation’s size is measured, and the hardness of the material is determined using this measurement. In particular, this hardness tester works well when testing materials with significant indentations.
Calculation of material hardness of Brinell machine
The Brinell hardness (HBW) is calculated by the quotient of the applied test force F (in newtons N) and the surface area. It is the surface area of the residual indentation on the specimen (the indentation’s projection) after the test force is eliminated (see Brinell formula). The surface area of the residual ball indentation is calculated using the arithmetic mean d of the two perpendicular diagonals, d1 and d2 (in mm). Because the base area of Brinell indentations is typically not quite spherical.
Application
Because the Brinell hardness test employs high pressure, a large pressure head, and a prominent indentation diameter. Itt is suitable for determining the hardness of massive metal grains. Other materials include cast iron, nonferrous metals, and their alloys, several kinds of tempered and quenched steel, annealed steel, and most steel supplied by factories. The hardness test is highly accurate, especially for the softer metals such as pure aluminum, copper, lead, tin, zinc, and their alloys.
Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine
The Rockwell method measures the permanent depth of indentation induced by a force or load on an indenter. Using a diamond or ball indenter, a sample is first exposed to an initial test force, sometimes called a preload or mild load. As a “quick test,” the Rockwell hardness test is commonly used in laboratories and on the plant floor, mainly for metallic materials. Additionally, it can be used for more complex tests, like the Jominy test (End Quench Test).
Rockwell test calculation
The Rockwell hardness test (HR) is derived from the measurement of the depth of an indentation done with a diamond or tungsten carbide ball.
One of five indenters is used for the Rockwell hardness test:
Tungsten ball with a diamond cone in sizes of 1/16″, 1/8″, 1/4″, or 1/2″
Application
Rockwell hardness testing is a widely used method for figuring out the bulk hardness of metallic and polymer materials. A material’s hardness directly correlates with its strength, wear resistance, and other features, even though hardness testing does not now assess any performance attributes.
Digital Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine
To measure the hardness value, Rockwell & Rockwell superficial tests involve pressing an indentor—a ball or diamond—into the surface of a test piece twice. Once using the extra test force and once using the preliminary test force. The indentation depth is measured after removing the extra test force. The residual preliminary test force remains active.
Material used
The Digital Rockwell hardness test is an indenter hardness test in which the surface of the material being tested is forced, under specified circumstances, by a diamond spheroconical indenter or a ball indenter made of tungsten carbide (or steel).
Application
After the indenter and the material to be tested come into contact, the indentation is subjected to a preliminary force. It is also known as the minor load. Following a predefined dwell time, during which the initial force is kept constant, the indentation depth is frequently measured.
Universal Hardness Tester
Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, and Knoop hardness testing, and carbon and plastics testing are used for universal hardness testers. The versatile hardness testing apparatus must have an extensive load range. They aim to accommodate all these test techniques. Universal hardness tester with a load range from 0.3 to 3,000 kg. It provides versatile options for testing materials and part shapes in multiple areas.
Application
In addition to determining a material’s hardness and forming processes, hardness testing is also used to test material quickly and efficiently during production. It ensures it satisfies specifications and performs as best for the intended use. Our technology for evaluating universal hardness guarantees accurate test results in laboratory and unprocessed production settings.
Vickers Hardness test machine
Vickers hardness testing measures hardness using an indenter like a diamond and a device called a “Vickers hardness testing machine.” Using this method, the diagonal lengths of the indentation are measured while a load is applied. It is perfect for evaluating thin portions, ceramics, and brittle materials.
- It uses an indenter fashioned like a diamond to make a square indentation.
- Determines the hardness by measuring the size of the indentation.
- Appropriate for various materials, such as hard metals and ceramics.
